Essay --

Postmodernism has always been somewhat present during every generation of people in America. In fact, it alludes to future ideas that be cutting edge when compared to the theologies of the modern times. The rising church service building can be classified as postmodern, because it is in fact an emerging movement. Perhaps the question we should ask is if its just a chassis in America, or is it here to stay? We should first answer the questions that it brings up, before we can answer what it actually represents. However, there is one thing we do know, which is that the call comes from the fact that this movement is gradually changing the philosophy of Christianity.In every sense, the Emergent church is at least, improvisational. It takes Christianity, and not only challenges the traditional ways of the religion, further alters it in order to appeal to a new generation of non-believers as well as believers. The emerging church is used to describe the new and apace growing amount of mission Christian congregation. It is a name given to those who believe that God is the truth alone, barely the old ways of exposing that fact are no longer useful in straightaways society. Such things include worship, prayer, preaching, and outreach. The emerging generation sees these aspects as very flexible features of the Christian church since the old forms of expression dont seem to have as much of an effect on society today than it did decades ago. In this logic, the emergent church is seeking alternative forms of spiritual formation that are controversial to, and within Christianity, which is making it a misunderstood movement. Like every other type of movement, this run had just started as a conversation among its leaders.Some of the first people to... ...nce of homosexuality. Which makes it seem like the Emergent church is not representing significant conversion growth, but instead are gathering upset Christians and making alternative beliefs. Which i s why it has become vital to try and understand this movement, so that assumptions cant be made that could potentially cause a chasm in Christianity.The Emergent Church has both positive and negative effects. Its beneficial in the way that it is adapting to todays culture to assist with evangelism, but it isnt a totally comfortable concept to grasp. Neither is postmodernism, which the emerging movement basically represents in its theologies and ideas. The fact is that for as many questions that it can answer in Christianity, it raises twice as much. However, whether or not the culture accepts this movement, the one thing that seems inevitable, is its growth.

Supersize Me :: Film Movie Films Movies Supersize Me

Supersize Me Some of the people interviewed for this film suggest that Americans can always refuse to eat fast food, further is it really that easy? No, because there be many factors involved when an individual or family decides to eat fast food for any special(a) meal of the day. Several factors in this decision include but are not limited to Firstly most people pack their day with activities continuously so there is not much time left field in the day to cook. Secondly children play a large role in whether a mother will stop at McDonalds. In a society where the thought of idle hands as the devils workshop, more than people are joining more gym clubs, children are participating in more extra-curricular activities like sports, dance, and the like. More people are going back to extend their education, and subsequently forced to attend classes in the evening. Couple this with parents who work at wickedness or families who have teen-age children who are independent and these fact ors equal families who spend more time in restaurants than they do in their own kitchen. When families get home fresh in the evening then dinner often go bad a snack. This is not to say that every family in America follows this routine, but Caucasians in particular are most likely to become victim to this trend. Caucasians in particular encourage their children to participate in anything. Families who have two parents working have an luck to maybe enjoy a home cooked meal a couple nights a week.McDonalds marketing plan is a clever ploy bespeak at the children of this planet. If not for children and their addiction to clowns, and maybe time factors, mothers would have no reason to stop at fast food restaurants. A great call for of McDonalds have a play land where the parents can come to appease their child and end up sitting for a two or three hours. Many women meet and make it a social activity. This is how the beginning of eating unhealthy begins. As a result of this, people gr ow and become cozy with the idea of McDonalds.

Nature v. Nurture in Mark Twains Puddnhead Wilson and Those Extraordi

Nature v. Nurture in record Twains Puddnhead Wilson and Those extraordinary(p) TwinsWhat makes a person who they are is a difficult dilemma. Mark Twains novel, Puddnhead Wilson and Those Extraordinary Twins is a critical analysis of how temperament and nurture can cultivate emotions and free will, which in turn affects the life of individuals. Twains faltering smell out of direction began about slavery, moral decay, and deceptive realities (Kaplan 314). The debate of nature versus nurture has been one of the most intriguing scientific and cultural issues for most of the twentieth century, in find the behavioral aspects of human beings. The changes in environment, society, education, political influences, family values and morals and other external influences, combined with physical genes determines how mankind will evolve into adulthood. Both nature and nurture, in combination with emotions and free will, control the behavior of human beings and determines who we are.Anthropolog ists, who study humans and their origins, generally accept that the human species can be categorized into races ground on physical and genetic makeup. For example, many slaves had physical differences from their counterpart white race, such as dark skin and wiry hair. Throughout history, the study of Sociology has had a significant impacted the nature versus nurture debate. Social Darwinism based its theory on genetic determinism and natural selection, advocating a capitalist economy, promoting racism and the inherent inequality of such as society. Karl Marx, also an advocate for capitalism and slavery, applied the Marxist philosophy to the practice of science, emphasizing environmental influences determined behavior. Max Weber is known his ... ...lard Stern, Nahra, Nancy. American Lives. New York, NY Addison Wesley Longman, Inc. 1997Sandler, Martin W., Rozwenc, Edwin C., Martin, Edward C. The People Make A Nation. Boston, MA Allyn and Bacon, Inc. 1975.Skinner, B.F. A Brief Sur vey of Operant Behavior. Cambridge, MA B. F. Skinner Foundation. 1938Skinner, Ellen A. Perceived Control, Motivation, & Coping. Thousands Oaks, CA Sage Publications, Inc. 1995.Twain, Mark. Puddnhead Wilson and Those Extraordinary Twins. New York, NY W. W. Norton and Company, 2005. Wachs, Theodore D. The Nature of Nurture. Thousands Oaks, CA Sage Publications, Inc. 1992.Wilson, Jim. Criminal Genes. Popular Science. Pars International Corp. New York, NY. November 12, 2002. http//www.popularmechanics.com/science/research/1282176.html

Sundowing And Alzheimers Disease Essay -- Alzheimers Disease Essays

SUNDOWNING AND ALZHEIMERS DISEASE     Sundowning, or sundown syndrome atomic number 18 terms that shoot been used for everyplace 20 years to describe the reversal of twenty-four hours and night which often occurs in Alzheimers and other dementing illnesses. (2) Those who are impacted are often called Sundowners and they act as if their biological clocks have reversed their day and night cycles. well-nigh are able to function on little sleep throughout their 24-hour day cycle. Some individuals stay up all night and will then continually doze off during the day. This alteration in the sleep-wake cycle is not necessarily permanent and they may revert to earlier patterns of sleep, or may sleep for increasing periods of time. (1)      Those suffering from acute or chronic confusion increasingly generate highly agitated, confused, suspicious, active and restless, combative and disoriented late in the day, especially after dark. (2,3) They may see, hear and believe things that are not real. Patients become to a greater extent impulsive and respond to their own ideas of reality, often in ways that can that get them in trouble. The confusion is often worse after a buy the farm or change in routine and can happen in any setting, whether they are living at home or in a facility.      The behavior may be totally out of character for the person. And, the change is drastic. You may see them in the morning and the person seems mentally competent and alert. The aforementioned(prenominal) individual may not recognize you or other family members, seem lethargic, become easily agitated, confused, or disoriented late in the afternoon or evening. (1)     There is currently no conclusive evidence more or less the reasons for these changes in the sleep-wake cycle. (2) However, in the online articles "Sundowning and Sleeping" and "The Sundown Syndrome" there are some theories ide ntified about the cause.     1)      The decreasing levels of light may be disorienting. The lower light provides fewer clues as to the persons surroundings and shadows may be frightening.     2)      The person may feel they are supposed to "go home" around this time.     3)      The person may be fatigu... ...dence regarding the reasons for these changes, some theories have been identified about the cause. This syndrome can be exhausting for the caregiver. Some measures have been identified that may lessen the effects. It is important to realize with sundown syndrome, as in any behavior related to Alzheimers Disease, that the person does not have control over their behavior and that it is a result of the brain tryng to sort out a confusing environment. REFERENCES1. Alzheimers.com. Sundown Syndrome and the Elderly. Alzheimers.com feature story. On-Line&nb sp    Avaialble http//www.alzheimers.com/L3TABLES/L3T-428.HTM.2. Crystal, H. (1998). Sundowning and Sleeping. Northern Virginia Chapter of Alzheimers      Association. On-Line. Available http//www.alz-nova.org/sundown.htm.3. Davis, M. (1997). get by in the Darkess. Perspectives Magazine. On-line.     Available http//www.siu.edu/worda/persp/sp97/alz.html.4. Nitram, R. (1997). The Sundown Syndrome. The Arizona Daily Star Online. Availabnle           http//www.azstarnet.com/rnitram/sundown.html

Free Waste Land Essays: A New Understanding :: T.S. Eliot Waste Land Essays

The Waste Land A New Understanding       The Waste Land, Eliots first long philosophical poem, croupe now be lead simply as it was written, as a poem of radical doubt and negation, urging that every human desire be stilled except the desire for self-surrender, for restraint, and for peace. Compared with the lust expressed in later poems for the eyes and the birth, the coming and the Lady (in The Hollow Men, the Ariel poems, and Ash-Wednesday), the hope held out in The Waste Land is a negative one. pastime Hugh Kenners recommendation, we should lay to rest the persistent error of reading The Waste Land as a poem in which five motifs predominate the nightmare journey, the Chapel, the Quester, the grail Legend, and the Fisher King. The motifs are indeed introduced, as Eliots preliminary note to his text informs us, but if (as this note says) the plan and a good deal of the incidental symbol of the poem were suggested by Miss Jessie L. Westons book on the Grail legend, the plan can only begin been to question, and even to propose a life without hope for, a quest, or Chapel, or Grail in the modern waste land. The themes of interior prison and nightmare city--or the urban apocalypse elucidated by Kenner and Eleanor Cook--make much bump sense when seen as furnishing the centripetal plan and symbolism, especially when one follows Cooks discussion of the disintegration of all European cities after the First World War and the poems culminating fancy of a new Carthaginian collapse, imagined from the vantage point of Indias holy men. A passage canceled in the manuscript momentarily suggested that the ideal city, forever unrealizable on earth, might be found (as Plato thought) in another world, but the reference was purely sardonic. Nowhere in the poem can one find persuade allusions to any existence in another world, much less to St. Augustines vision of interpenetration between the City of God and the City of Man in this world. How, the n, can one take seriously attempts to find in the poem any such quest for eternal life as the Grail legend would have to provide if it were a continuous motif--even a sardonic one? It seems that only since Eliots death is it possible to read his life forward--understanding The Waste Land as it was written, without beingness deflected by our knowledge of the writers later years.

Free Waste Land Essays: A New Understanding :: T.S. Eliot Waste Land Essays

The Waste Land A New Understanding       The Waste Land, Eliots first long philosophical poem, squirt now be film simply as it was written, as a poem of radical doubt and negation, urging that every human desire be stilled except the desire for self-surrender, for restraint, and for peace. Compared with the appetency expressed in later poems for the eyes and the birth, the coming and the Lady (in The Hollow Men, the Ariel poems, and Ash-Wednesday), the accept held out in The Waste Land is a negative one. by-line Hugh Kenners recommendation, we should lay to rest the persistent error of reading The Waste Land as a poem in which five motifs predominate the nightmare journey, the Chapel, the Quester, the grail Legend, and the Fisher King. The motifs are indeed introduced, as Eliots preliminary note to his text informs us, but if (as this note says) the plan and a good deal of the incidental symbolization of the poem were suggested by Miss Jessie L. Weston s book on the Grail legend, the plan can only soak up been to question, and even to propose a life without hope for, a quest, or Chapel, or Grail in the modern waste land. The themes of interior prison and nightmare city--or the urban apocalypse elucidated by Kenner and Eleanor Cook--make much emend sense when seen as furnishing the centripetal plan and symbolism, especially when one follows Cooks discussion of the disintegration of all European cities after the First World War and the poems culminating imaging of a new Carthaginian collapse, imagined from the vantage point of Indias holy men. A passage canceled in the manuscript momentarily suggested that the ideal city, forever unrealizable on earth, might be found (as Plato thought) in another world, but the reference was purely sardonic. Nowhere in the poem can one find convincing allusions to any existence in another world, much less to St. Augustines vision of interpenetration between the City of God and the City of Man in this world. How, then, can one take seriously attempts to find in the poem any such quest for eternal life as the Grail legend would have to provide if it were a continuous motif--even a sardonic one? It seems that only since Eliots death is it possible to read his life forward--understanding The Waste Land as it was written, without be deflected by our knowledge of the writers later years.

John Proctor’s decision to die is the right one? Essay

In the play, The Crucible, derriere keep an eye on quoted Because it is my name, Because I can non have a nonher in my life. How may I bonk without my name, leave me my name ( page 138). He has very strong beliefs that if his name is blackened there is no reason to live. John Proctor also chose to hand because he could not double cross his friends, the fact that he has three children, John could not dress up his children to walk like men in the world if he himself was not a true man. Therefore for the sake of his name,reputation and his kids, Johns decision to die is the right one.Family life and friendship is very important to John Proctor, husband and father of three, if he lived then he could not possibly raise his kids to be men in the world if their father is a plow out to his friends. He wanted to teach them that they should stand up for what they believe in and not give in to unjust courts and/or other examples in life. By dying he taught his kids that not only he is not a give out but he also taught them that he stood up for what he believed in. John Proctor is not a man known to go to church service often, but he must of remember this quote from the bible No one has love greater than this that someone should surrender his soul in behalf of his friends(John 1513). This quote means that someone should surrender his or her soul for their friends, and by dying and standing up for what he believed in he taught his kids a expensive lesson.Proctors decision to die also solved his inner conflict with himself. This conflict is his adultery with Abigail, which really exasperated him. Because it speaks deceit and I am honest exactly Ill plead no more I see nowyour spirit twists around the single error of my life, and I will never roll it free (page 60). This quote made from John Proctor explains how he can not tear his guilt away from himself, and that he feels very bad for qualification this single big error of his life. By choosing to die John did n ot have to live with the guilt of defying his wife and God.The most important reason John Proctor decided to die is that he would not blacken his name throughout the town. If John betrayed his friends by confessing their sins, a man of his nobility could not live through the guilt. Also John did not want to ruin his reputation as a man who stands up and would die for what he believes in. John Proctor knew the importance of a name and how it defines someone. If John Proctor were named a sell out, then his whole family would be instinctively named as sellouts too.John Proctor was a man with strong beliefs that if his name was blackened he would have no reason to live at all. When he chose to die, he proved to everyone that he is not a sell out to an unjust court. Friendship and family is very important to John Proctor and he did not want his family to be looked upon as sell outs because of his wrongful doings. It is a very good decision that John stood his ground and died for what he believed in .Bibliography-Miller, Arthur, The Crucible, New York U.S.A., Bantam Books, 1981 John, New world translations of the holy scriptures, Pennsylvania, U.S.A.Watchtower Books, 1984

Aristotle’s Theory of Virtue and Happiness Essay

Aristotle was one of the most respected philosophers of all time. He wrote on many subjects covering a wide range of topics politics, psychology, metaphysics, logic and ethics. In the article Nature of Virtue written by Aristotle, his theory of a persons happiness and right(a) morals is explained. I agree that a tenders goal in life is to be knowing, and to live a dear(p) life save happiness and good do non cum hand in hand. In this paper, I disagree with Aristotles fit function argument. The word happiness is a much broader term to Aristotle than what we think of.(Johnston, Para. F) By happiness he means supremacyful, life story a good life and physical well being. A fully happy life would include success for themselves, their family and descendants. The idea of good and happiness according to Aristotle is based around the proper function argument. The proper function argument is basically that every man is brought to this demesne to corroborate a function. Happiness is the main goal in someones life, and this comes with a function. For all things that have a function or activity, the good and well is thought to reside in the function. We argon not on this earth to merely live, but to do our best to live well. (Cahn 113) Something is good if it performs its proper function for example, a good movie. If you watch a movie and you think its good, than it has performed its proper function. The purpose of broccoli is to feed and give mint nutrition, the purpose of a truck is to transport objects, and the purpose of one human may to be a plumber. Fixing sinks and toilets is this humans function, and if done successfully, happiness will be achieved. The function of humans is an activity of the soul and must act in accordance with virtue, or goodness. A person squirt but be happy when they are fulfilling their function. (Cahn 114). When a person is fulfilling their function, they are eudaimon. Eudaimonia is the Greek term for happiness and living well . When someone takes start in Eudaimonia, they are taking part in the activity of the soul in accordance with excellence, virtue or what is good for (The Human good and Function Argument) In Aristotles view, human beings are the only species that have the potential to live a better life. He believes living well creates happiness, the final goal for human beings.Reaching a goal drives every behavior, and the goal of humans is to attain goodness and excellence. He also states that every man should pursue happiness and happiness is attainable by all people. (Traditional Virtues and The agnostic. ) I disagree with these statements being happy, and being evil can happen at the same time. For example, the roman prints lived very happily take down though their actions were evil. The Romans believed they were the most superior and advanced society yet they found pleasure and happiness in torturing and killing Christians for sport.The Romans lived in a world of evil, and they were undou btedly happy. Aristotles objection to my example of the Romans would be that the Romans took their pleasure to the extreme with their lavish lifestyles, which idle words to their downfall and demise. Aristotle would use his theory of the Golden mean to object to the Romans happiness. For Aristotle living life well involves using the virtues we were intended to use, including chiefly reason, but also courage, honesty, and moderation in pursuing pleasure. (Stevenson 67).Every good thing exists between two deadly things. So anything is achievable as long as it is not taken to excess. Aristotles example for this is that if 10 pounds is too much for someone too eat, and 2 pounds is too little, than 6 pounds being the mean, would not be the exact amount that person should eat to be satisfied, but is something to aim towards. (Cahn 117). Aristotles golden mean says that you should not do anything to the excess, or you will only hurt yourself. If you overindulge in physical pleasures, yo ur health will deteriorate. (Stevenson 67. ) In other words, the Romans overindulged in their pleasure, which lead to their own pain and torture in the end. If it is true that you cannot experience goodness unless you are happy, and you cannot be happy if you take action into extremes, than it must be true that the people in want cannot be good. Every society has had its rise and fall in power, so does that mean that people that live on the under side of the extreme, or in Aristotles example, to only eat two pounds of food, can never achieve goodness be suffice they are not happy?For example there is a scurvy tike in Africa who is living in severe conditions, with no food, and not enough water. He is doing everything he can in pursuit of happiness. He goes to church, he helps his parents out with the family, and he is doing his best in school. However, he is hungry and living in unhappiness because of his terrible situation. Because this boy is not happy, does this mean he is no t a good person? Happiness is attainable to all people, but how is happiness attainable by this boy?Living to the extreme may cause unhappiness in some situations, but it is quite often that living in moderation can lead to unhappiness as well. Moderate behavior will not always bring happiness. For example, someone who is very passionate and romantic may find that moderate behavior does not suit his or her needs. One can not be happy if forced to control oneself in all situations of life. (Popkin 10) A human wants to live life the way they desire, and to get through from acting how you feel does not lead to happiness. Aristotles theory is based around the fact that good morals come from habit.You must be taught to be good in order to be good. According to Aristotle, your characteristics come from your actions in other words, you become good by doing good (Cahn 113). Under Aristotles theory, to be a good person, you must have been taught to be good at a young age to acquire good mo rals. In order to earn from the sort of study he is undertaking, one must already have been brought up in good habits(Traditional Virtues and The Skeptic. ) This means the group of people with potential to have virtue and happiness is limited.It is limited to the people who come from a family with good ethics. The only people who are going to become good, are the people who are already well on their way to be good because their family is training them to be this way. But what about the people who come from bad families? Or what about the people who were raised by ethically good families? For example, a child who was brought up by parents who had no ethics or good morals at all. The mother was a drug addict, and the father ran away while the child was at an early age.The child wasnt taught anything about morals, and did not have a proper upbringing what so ever. Everything the child knew was learnt on his own, and he decided who he wanted to be an acted in relation to this. This chi ld ends up being a good person, has a good job, and lives in happiness. When Aristotle makes the point that you must have had exercise in virtues, he does not have any proof that this is always true. What Aristotle owes us, then, is an account of these traditional qualities that explains why they must play a central role in any well-lived life. (Traditional Virtues and The Skeptic.), Aristotle must explain to us why being trained by a guardian is required in order to end up living a complete life. In conclusion, Aristotles theories are applicable in some situations, but should not be applied in all situations. You can be happy and evil at the same time you do not have to be good in order to be happy. Aristotle objects by saying you cannot be happy and live to extremes, however you can also be happy and over indulge at the same time. It is also assertable for someone to live well, have virtue and happiness even when they had not been brought up this way.They can learn on their own, characteristics can be defined by who you want to be. Aristotle says that happiness is attainable by all, but if you follow the Aristotles theory, you will find that happiness is limited to a certain group. Works Cited Johnston, Ian. raise on Aristotles Nicomachaean Ethics. Records. November 18th, 1997. http//records. viu. ca/johnstoi/introser/aristot. htm. April 15th, 2010. Cahn Steven. Exploring Ethics. Aristotle The Nature of Virtue. Ed. Steven M. Cahn. New York Oxford University Press. 2009. Pg 113-117. The Human Good and Function Argument. Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Oxford Blackwell Publishers, 2001. May 1st, 2001. http//plato. stanford. edu/entries/aristotle-ethics/HumGooFunArg. April 15th, 2010. Traditional Virtues and The Skeptic. Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. N. P. May 1st, 2001. http//plato. stanford. edu/entries/aristotle-ethics/HumGooFunArg. April 15th, 2010. Stevenson, Jay. The Complete Idiots ask to Philosophy. The Golden Mean. Ed. Drew Patty. 2 nd Edition. 2002. Pg 67. Popkin, Richard. Philosophy Made Simple. Criticism of Aristotle. Richard Popkin and A. Stroll. New York, 1993. Pg 10-11.

Liberalism in Zambian Governance

Every country worldwide is ruled with certain rules and regulations which whether veritable or not by the preponderance, ar still accepted as right. Thus, the aim of this es show is to elaborate on the various forms of liberalism, discuss on each of them, and explain while giving clear examples which one of them has been gravid in Zambia from 1991 to present day. It will begin by defining the main concepts then the forms of liberalism shall be presented and discussed.Thereafter an analysis of which form of liberalism has been pursued by the social movement for Multi dismantley democracy and the Patriotic Front in the ruling of the country of Zambia shall follow. A conclusion will then be drawn from the main body. Liberalism has been explained or be in many ways. It comes from the word liberal, which implies freedom. Therefore if incorporated in the aspect of human life, liberalism means an policy-making theory that advocates for gradual reform in the different aspects of a hum an life, for instance, social, political and economic aspects.According to Doyle (19862), liberal resembles a family portrait of principles and institutions, recognizable by certain characteristics, for example, individual freedom, political participation, private property, and equality of opportunity. From generation to generation, different forms of liberalism have emerged due to various reasons. Classical liberalism is said to be perhaps the oldest form of liberalism, which according to historians, emerged in the 16th, and 17th century though became declamatory in the late 19th century.Some of the major pioneers of this type of liberalism were John Locke, David Ricardo and Adam Smith. Classical liberalism hence is said to uphold a French ideology laissez-faire which literally means to allow. When applied to true liberalism it advocates for non- sound out participation in the affairs of its citizens, (www. cambridge. org). To sum it up, classical liberalism advocates for limit ed political science, protection of personal freedoms, and free markets, they depone on rules of thumb derived from experience, the Policy (200915). Classical liberalism has been criticized heavily that it only benefits the few elite.This led to the emergence of Social liberalism in the mid 19th century. The word in the center of social liberalism is equity. This is where each individual has equal opportunities in society and benefits equally from the economic activities of the state. There is common ownership of means of return and goods are produced not for private profit making but for the benefit of society. Thus, in summary, Social liberalism advocates for equal opportunity, for self realization by the citizens and improvement in social status of everyone with the state as the major player.It is said to be committed to individualism but includes protecting individuals from acts of omission as well as commission, the Policy (200916). Another type of liberalism is Political lib eralism which focuses on the freedom of citizens in the participation of political activities without interference or hindrance by the state. This type of liberalism was in the main pioneered by John Harsanyi and John Rawls, (Policy, 2009). According to the Policy (20094), political liberalism emphasizes that everyone has an equal opportunity to hold political office and to influence the decisions made in the political sphere. Green liberalism is liberalism with a notion of sustainable growth. It focuses on preserving the environment even in the midst of growth. Steinberg (20121) emphasizes that green liberalism is the idea that market forces combined with individuals all doing their part can save the planet. Though supported by many, this type of liberalism has been criticized that it is not logical in that for development through liberalism to occur, nature or primary goods are involved hence their exhaustion is inevitable.Neo-liberalism, another form of liberalism, is regarded as a re-introduction of liberalism. Various proponents and scholars have alluded that Neo-liberalism was first coined by the German economists who were trying to compare it with classical liberalism. Boas and Gans-Morse (2009), clearly state that neo-liberalism is both in rejection of laissez-faire policies and emphasizes on humanistic values. Neo-liberalism supports free market shell out, private capitalism and private property while it reproves g everywherenment intervention or interference.This type of liberalism is likened to classical liberalism though it goes even further than classical liberalism in that its ultimate goal is to create a world where political action is governed entirely by the free market, so that all decisions are unbiased and fair, (www. ehow. com). The Neo-liberal policies were and still are widely advocated by International Monetary farm animal and World Bank, (struggle. ws). The policies advocated by Neo-liberalism have been criticized in that in that respect is usually unequal distribution of development within a country.Privatization measures are said to benefit the foreigners more than the local people. Even though the IMF and World Bank emphasize that these measures would help improve the welfare of the vast majority, it has been argued that privatisation is characterised with corruption, craft is controlled by the super powers which has seen to the market organism populated with cheap imported goods and hence discouraging local producers. These policies are said to only benefit the few elite, (Simutanyi, 2009). Zambia is a landlocked country in the southern part of Africa which after being colonized by the British, gained its independence in 1964.After independence the country had its first president Dr Kenneth Kaunda, leader of the get together National Independence Party who according to scholars saw to the rise of autocracy in the country. Thus the country was turned into a one-party state where the state controlled a major part of the economy. Some of the characteristics of Kaundas rule include a system of terroristic police control control of all means of stiff mass communication, control of all means of effective armed combat, (Phiri 2001,2).Since the main aim of the government was to ensure equity, therefore it can be right to say that during that time, Zambia was under Social liberalism, (Simutanyi, 2006). Due to the many shortcomings of the UNIP government for instance the food riots, foreign debt, economic decline and social disintegration, the Multi-Party Movement for Democracy which was headed by Fredrick Chiluba took over leadership and pick out the Neo-liberal policies. There was independent rational attitude, free expression and the promotion of private self-interest over general system, (www. ambiastruggle. com). Sorabjee and Bourne (199627), stated that when MMD was pick out, there were major changes in the country such as privatisation or liquidation of state enterprises, the r elaxing of import controls and of investment regulations and barriers, removal of subsidies and other protections, and freer regime in agriculture and manufacturing. These policies were implemented largely at the insistance of the International Monetary Fund (IMF) and the World Bank, House (19912).Since the economy was and still is mainly dependant on the dig sector, many mines were privatized so as they can be more productive and efficient. According to Simpere (20107) under the influence of its lenders especially the World Bank and following the option of a new government in 1991, Zambia decided to dismantle and privatize its mines. The mines were not the only state-owned enterprises privatized but many other companies, approximately two-hundred and sixty ternion (263) companies were taken over by foreigners.This happened between 1994 and 2004, which was predominantly during the reign of the MMD precisely Chiluba and Levy Mwanawasa, (Simutanyi,2006). There was also the libera lization of foreign exchange and import. Since late 1991, Zambia has basically changed its trade and economic policy. The trade regime has been considerably liberalized and there has been substantial decentralization and deregulation in other spheres of economic activity, (www. wto. com).The dominance of neo-liberal economic programs in Zambia promised fast and sustainable economic growth, where Adam Smiths invisible hand comes in play that the majority of the poor would benefit, (Zambian Economist, 2007). Thus the MMD fully adoptive the Neo-liberal policies and the government enacted economic and political liberalism in the country. The Patriotic Front led by President Michael Sata is the current party in government in Zambia. It was elected into power in 2011 during the tripartite elections held in Zambia.It is not clear whether the state under the current government is undertaking a neo-liberal type of governance or a collectivized. Some spectators have argued that due to the m ove of the Patriotic Front to join the Socialist International, the country seems to be heading into the direction of a socialist state, (www. zambia. com). Even though this is so, the Patriotic Front government has corrected the misunderstanding that they shall continue to advocate for socio-economic liberalism spearheaded by neo-liberal policies as was stated in their manifesto, (m. lusakatimes. om). Nothing overmuch has, in reality changed during the past twelve months of the Patriotic Fronts rule as compared to the twenty year rule of the MMD. Companies are still privatized, trade liberalism still exists, democracy still prevails and the existence of property rights exists as well. The country of Zambia still values the foreign investors and their relationship with other capitalist societies with whom they enjoy the benefits of trade liberalism. Therefore, neo-liberalism as proven above has been the dominant type of liberalism in Zambia from 1991 to present day.Even with the co nsequences of neo-liberalism such as increase in the poverty level, increased debt, patchy development, Zambia continues to boast of being one of the most liberalized states in Southern Africa. In conclusion, liberalism has been a major player in determining the role of the state in Zambia, hence among the many types of liberalism Neo-liberalism has been adopted by the country of Zambia to spear-head its development. What is not certain is, if it were not for the government being pressured by the IMF and the World Bank, would it have, on its own adopted the neo-liberal policies or it would have continued as a social state?

Correctional Operations Essay

umpteen nations and cultures have come up with official laws to entertain their citizens from crimes. Over the years these laws have been in force, to help keep society from becoming anarchy. Different forms of penalisations have been practise to detour would be criminals. However you allow for point out citizens still tends to break the laws. These days all countries have a justice placement and a prison for locking up their threats to society. numerous countries do sentence more or lessone to wipeout for an extreme form of punishment. The Babylonian Code of Hammurabi (Encarta, 2007) was the first efficacious record install in the Middle East. However, the Western nations reckon to follow laws sucked by Ancient Rome (Encarta, 2007). Before vast each city had a court and had established their own laws, to protect the citizens. Soon subsequently the Ro humankind Empire established the Law of Twelve Tables, to confirm their society. But most volume believe that the ear liest form of law layabout be found in the twelve centuries which is known as the Justinian Code (Encarta, 2007).For many another(prenominal) centuries people have died or been punished for rouseting theft, rape, or unspeakable crimes. In 1532, the sanctified Roman Empire created the Constitio Criminalis to punish criminals. But not every county followed that law, so these countries created their own legal system, where each county would deal with its criminals in their countries, when they compulsory to. For the most part, punishment was used to punish or deter these would be criminals. Life became more civilized with each passing century, as new punishments were created. Many people mat safer with laws that could protect them.Centuries later the Pennsylvania System was created by the Quakers, Pennsylvania became the center of prison reform worldwide. This happen when William Penn, Penn who had been confined in Eng institute for his Quaker beliefs abolished the Duke of Yorks some(prenominal) criminal code which was in effect in other parts of British North America, where among other offenses, the penalty of death was applied for murder, denying the true god homosexual acts and kidnapping, severe physical punishments were used for what wereconsidered lesser crimes. The true root of the Quaker system was to create more humane treatment for criminals, they decided that criminals needed more constructive punishment and a place where they can be alone to repent and turn back to God rather than such furious punishment.The Quakers believe that criminals could reformed and return to society as a change people. Prisoners were put to decease in the prison so that their time could be used wisely. In the 1820s the Auburn System was in full swing, this system was different from the Quakers they believe in complete silence, lilliputianer cells and any economic advantage over the Pennsylvania System. In the long run both of these prison system failed, then came along the Auburn System which modern corrections used their out of date method of senile cells blocks and solitary confinement.Each county began hiring sheriffs and creating legal systems to deal out the punishments. Most people welcome the new laws and sense of safety, yet some resist to follow them. Some criminals were lightly punished and some were killed, for the crimes they committed. The justice system grew into a major part of society however, it was not perfect. . But not long many citizens felt that the criminals deserved what punishments they received. More jails were built and more criminals began challenging the new laws that had been established by the courts. Unfortunately, societies were being pilferd by the criminals or gangs or criminals. So, many new sheriffs and detective agencies were established to help police the growing neighborhoods. Many people supported the role of the sheriffs and they volunteered to help as deputies.In the old time, criminals were to rtured as a form of punishment, by the Roman Empire. Some criminals hang on crosses, killed by torture, and place in dungeons to die. For this reason many began to anarchy against the Roman rule and they were punished as criminals too. Soon the Roman Empire fell and many separate societies began growing throughout the world. Before long, the Modern ages began and many prisons were built in the 19th century. Many countries were ruled by the King and Queen of Britain at the turn of the 19th century.Severely changes have happened to the justice system during that time. Which made life much easier for the citizens criminals were locked away and punished for the crimes that they committed. Each criminal had to be found guilty by the court first, before they could bepunished. Many new laws were created, in order to help the citizen feel safe and keep the peace. However, some citizens still felt that capital punishment was to hash.By the 20th century, the British rule began to fade, as th e revolution grew and many fled to the New World. Due to prison overcrowding, many courts systems were looking for ways to deal with criminals. Many courts began giving probation to petty thieves and criminals besides locking them up. Soon young offenders were removed from the adult court system and dealt with in juvenile court. Then the court began looking for ways, to rehabilitate the juvenile offenders. Many schools and programs were created, in order to confront the troubled younker from becoming adult offenders. Also many adult programs began popping up with the intentions to help rehabilitate small crime offenders. Some criminals were able to change and become productive part of society (National Archives, 2007). Alexander Maconochie came up with the concept of early release for hard work and good look, also parole which was created by Sir Walter Crofton and the Irish system, which we in the unify State use today.Om the late 1800s reformatory system was established, some were devoted grooming classes, and early release and punishment was not the focus. However, some adults were unable to be rehabilitating by the programs, so eventually more prisons had to be built to house youth and adult offenders that were unable to be rehabilitated. After the justice system realized that punishments were not stopping criminals from committing crimes. Many scientist and doctors began studying the behavior of criminals, especially their childhood. Some scientist has found that many criminals have had troubled childhood, which may lead to their behavior. However, some criminals atomic number 18 raised in a good home yet they still commit horrible crimes to date no one has come up with a magic pill that can stop these criminals from committing crimes. Many societies have tried to adventure a way to stop criminals, from creating a justice system to building prisons.However, no matter how history has tried to stop the criminals, they still come out to victimize he lpless people. Maybe, with further study and a better understanding of why they commit crimes, future generations can stop them. But, at this point only prisons seem to help those, who have become habitual offenders. Hopefully, one day we can createa magic pill or a way to stop criminals from hurting others. Until then, we must let the justice system work for us and our society The correction system in the United States have changed many times over the past years, many theories went from retaliation, physical punishment, reforming and back. The population of inmates in the United States and federal prisons and jails has grown at an unprecedented rate in the past thirty years. Since 2000, the census of prisoners being detained in say and federal prisons has risen 13%. Since 1990, the census has grown 100% the census has grown a staggering 366%.The 13th Amendment to the United States ecesis, which was passed by the senate on April 8th, 1864 and approved by the House on January 31s t, 1865 and ratified on December 6th, 1865 abolish thralldom as a legal institution. The thirteenth Amendment stated. Neither slavery nor involuntary servitude, except as a punishment for crime whereof the party shall have been duly convicted, shall exist within the United States, nor any place subject to their jurisdiction. Right after the 13th Amendment was passed, the Black Code was created, the Black Code were laws in the United States after the elegant War with the effect of limiting the basic human right and civil liberties of blacks. As newly withdrawd slaves would soon learn, liberty was not as they had anticipated. White southerners were longing to regain power over them and used the law in order to achieve that objective, the code served as a way to control and inhibit the exemption of ex-slaves.The Code controlled almost all aspect of their endures and prohibited African Americans from the freedoms that had been won. Not only did the whites deficiencyed to control ex-slaves but they need laborers. While things could no hourlong be exactly the selfsame(prenominal) as in slavery, the whites found a way to guarantee that blacks would serve as their laborers. The whites encompassed some of the antebellum restrictions on free blacks, northern apprenticeship laws, they took their civil and legal rights, from marriage to the right to hold and sell property. Laws were different in each state but most embodied the same kind of restrictions. Commonly, codes compelled freedman to work. But in many states if unemployed, African American faced being arrested and charged with vagrancy. Many of those that did work had their days regulated.Codes dictated their hours of labor, duties and the behavior assigned to them as agricultural workers. Almost every aspect of their lives was regulated, including the freedom to roam blacks were not permitted to enter towns without permission. In 1866 black codes were suspended by Federal officials who noted that the cod es were too harsh and bias they decided that blacks should be subjected to the same penalties and regulations as whites. Along with the black code came the convict leasing system, this was the leasing of prisoners to private companies who would pay the state a fee for the service. Prisoners would work for these companies day after day returning to their cells each night while business profit from free prisoners labors. These black prisoners would stick up less than six years the death rate among these inmates was almost 45% for those in the south.Another way to keep free blacks in slavery was Sharecropping for those man who did not want to go to prison, sharecropping was the only way former slaves could survive . But the high prices and interest rate charged by store and land owners caused these blacks to be in constant debt. Another way blacks were kept was by chain gangs, the crimes was breach of a contract, even today in that location are some states that still adopt chain gang s like, Florida, Alabama and Arizona. Amnesty International one of the leading humanitarian groups said that the practice of chain gangs is inhumane, to use handcuffs, and chains and so forth on prisoners is a violation of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights. Today prisoners have another dilemma to deal with privatization of prisons privatization of prison is not new it has been around for centuries, private corporations are once again owning and operating prisons for profit.A controversial issue which dates back to the days that followed the Emancipation Proclamation, private prisons owners and bang prisoners making thousands of millions of dollars from prisoners labor while the prisoners earn nothing. The 13th amendment allows a form of slavery to exist legally, when we look at people who are jailed for nonviolent crimes within the criminal justice system, like the Black Code, Sharecropping and Chain Gangs and then privatizing of prisons the 13th Amendment sh ape slavery through the penal system.chairwoman Lincoln abolished the cruel and crotchety punishment, but if we look there is a small part which we may call a clause that states, Neither slavery nor involuntary servitude, except as punishment for crimes whereof the partyshall have been duly convicted, shall exist within the United States, nor any place subjected to their jurisdiction. The Amendment did not subtend what crimes, felony, misdemeanor or even a traffic ticket it just said crime and all of these are crimes. Yet we see many people not convicted of crimes and they are punished, placed in prison, locked up and work for fee. The 13th Amendment has reshaped and defined slavery the moment it was placed on paper.The tenth Amendment of the United States Constitution is a guarantee of state right. The Tenth Amendment is similar to an earlier provision of the Articles of Confederation. Each state retains its sovereignty, freedom, and independence, and every power, jurisdiction an d right, which is not by this confederation expressly delegated to the United States, in Congress assembled. When the 10th Amendment was introduced in congress, James Madison explained that many states were anxious to ratify this amendment, despite critics who deemed the amendment superfluous or unnecessary. The constitution knowing the federal government to be a government of limited and enumerated powers. This is saying that the federal government only has power over the things that are specifically accustomed to it in the constitution, all other powers is given to the state.The 10th Amendment noted that The powers not delegated to the United States by the Constitution, or by the states are reserved to the states respectively or to the people. I believe the founding fathers created this Amendment because they did not want the central government which is the federal government to become too powerful and did not want that government to tell them how they should live their lives da ily. They wanted to give the local state power to control their own affairs to make laws and rules that their people can live by and not have the federal government total control of their affair. The 10th Amendment when it comes to the Florida criminal justice system and prison is this. Advocate can append more cases under the 10th Amendment, which give have huge positive implication for freedom so long as the current constitution of the courts holds. Federalism secures the freedom of the individual it allows the state to respond through the enactment of positive law.As we see the 10th Amendment have been weakens somewhat by the by congress, you could hardly look about the 10th Amendment in court cases in the years it wasadopted but not so today you find that a lot of cases use the 10th Amendment for their bases for filing an appeal. There were states that were protected under the 10th Amendment. Which the American Civil was noted was not workable so the 14th Amendment was creat ed to extend the note of Rights and made it applicable to both state and federal government. We can see the 10th Amendment no longer holds the power that it once did, but today in Florida law makers is trying to use the 10th Amendment to privatize prisons. The 10th Amendment was written to reassure the state that they would remain largely in charge of their people the 10th Amendment was always used to prevent federal regulation of everything including taxation. I believe the 8th should control the criminal justice system in Florida. The Amendment states that Excessive surety shall not be required, nor excessive fines imposed, nor cruel and unusual punishment inflicted.The 8th Amendment to the Constitution established in 1791, have three provisions The cruel and unusual punishment clause, which restrict the severity of punishments that state and federal government may impose upon someone who have been convicted of a crime. The Excessive Fine Clause limits the bill that state and f ederal governments may fine a person for a particular crime. Then there is the Excessive Bail Clause which restricts judicial ingenuity in setting bail for the release of persons accused of a criminal activity during the period following their arrest but preceding their trial. Courts are given wide latitude under the Excessive Fine Clause of the 8th Amendment, fines which is imposed by ta trial court think or magistrate will not be overturned on appeal unless the judge or magistrate abuse his or her discretion in assessing them. But the trial court judge is given less latitude under the Excessive Bail Clause.If the defendants meets bail or is able to pay the amount set by the court, the defendant is entitle to recover the bargaind amount at the conclusion of the criminal proceeding, however, if the defendant fails to appear as scheduled during the prosecution, then he or she forfeits the amount pledge and still faces further criminal penalties if convicted of the offense or offen ses charged. Since most of our defendants are indigent excessive fine is handling in a calm dash I believe. To me the most critical part of the 8th Amendment is the cruel and unusual punishment. In the case Furman v. Georgia the Supreme Court found that he death penalty violated the 8th Amendment the court notedthat These death penalties are cruel and unusual punishment today not much state use the death penalty but in our state of Florida the death penalty is still a factor. Recently the state declared a moratorium on fatal injection and a de facto moratorium on the death penalty.Finally I believe our criminal justice has come a long way but there is still work to be done especially with defendants being arrested and being treated as the olden days when slavery was in place. We still find our slavery taking place indirectly especially for black minoritys. We need our elected government leaders to stop playing politics and start working for the people who elected them into office. Judges and lawyers need to stop taking bribes and let the justice system work for the people. We as criminal justice major must stop looking at the money we may make when we finish school and get our degree. And see how we can put what we have lettered into practice to help our fellow neighbors or our community. Our justice system needs people with heart and backbones and I believe we as the leaders of tomorrow can do that.Referenceshttp//voices.yahoo.com/roots-history-punishment-512307.html?cat=37 http//plato.stanford.edu/entries/legal-punishment/1http//legal-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/8th+Amendment